INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is a nation with a vast collection of literary works that has, both directly and indirectly, impacted all aspects of its society – politics, religion, economy, education and its culture. Literary works such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo of Gat. Jose P. Rizal has, in their own respective ways, made marks in the society that we live in. Literature also creates necessary mindsets of existence that boost the familiarity of certain narratives, themes, and topics.
The existence of gender in the Filipino literature has remained limited for long period of time to the binary notion of sex and gender with focus on only men and women. However, in recent years, queer literature has also attempted to enter the mainstream and is gaining a lot of traction in society as to gain more acceptance, rather than tolerance.
According to the WHO1, gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.
In literature, gender criticism “examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works.”2 Gender studies and queer theory explore issues of sexuality, power, and marginalized populations (woman as other) in literature and culture. Much of the work in gender studies and queer theory, while influenced by feminist criticism, emerges from post-structural interest in fragmented, de-centered knowledge building (Nietzsche, Derrida, Foucault), language (the breakdown of sign-signifier), and psychoanalysis (Lacan).3
Queer literature, as a category is described by Blackburn, Clark and Nemeth (2015) as, “an important extension of Cart and Jenkins’s (2006) work, and that it is distinctive among and from LGBT-themed literature in the way that it offers multiple and conflicting ideologies related to sexuality and gender. These ideologies manifest themselves in queer elements, such as post
structural rather than essential or developmental identity construction of characters, and disruptions of norms as they pertain to sexuality, gender, families, homes, and time. This queering happens through literary elements, but the literary elements alone are not enough, for these are evident in all literary work. Instead, the literary elements on which we focus are working in service of queering, and in our analysis are limited to those that support complex understandings of sexual and gender identities and normative disruptions of families (Bernstein & Reimann, 2001), homes (Kentlyn, 2008), and time (Bakhtin, 1981; McCallum, 1999).”4
The short story “Emil makes their choice” by EK Gonzales (2021) is part of the production of Be/Me: LGBTQIA+ Stories of Belonging of the ASEAN SOGIE Caucus. It is the story of Emil and their fight for the Cause in the town of Quirino during the colonization and control of the Regena. They are made to choose to either help in head of the Cause in the fight against the invaders or to stay with their family.
One important element of the story is the use of the gender-neutral pronouns that are scarce in other literary works created using a binary lens on gender and sexuality. The use of personal pronouns such as ‘they/them’ to refer to a singular person is notable in the story. In the case of Emil, whose given name is Emiliana, these pronouns solidify their queer identity.
The story of Emil does not bear any historical equivalence; however the plot and the timeline of events happen in the period of Spanish occupation as hinted by the presence of the Guardia Civil and the existence of a Supremo for the Cause.
Though a lot may still be discussed and said about queer theory and gender criticism, this researcher will only limit the study to the gender-related elements of the story and how it affects reality.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study aims to describe the gender-related characteristics of EK Gonzales’ short story “Emil made their choice”. Specifically, this literary analysis seeks to discover: 1. How the writer portrays the gender identity of Emil; 2. How Gonzales’ fictional community relates to the perceived and actual gender identity of the main character; and 3. The significations of the characters and objects in the context of their gender-related narrative in the story.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This literary analysis is anchored mainly on Gender Criticism and Queer Theory. Gender criticism is an extension of feminist literary criticism, focusing not just on women but on the construction of gender and sexuality, especially LGBTQ issues, which gives rise to queer theory. Gender criticism suggests that power is not just top down or patriarchal—a man dominating a woman; it suggests that power is multifaceted and never just in one direction. For example, in the nineteenth century while many women argued for suffrage (or the right to vote), at the same time those very women who were white could be dominating or holding power over African Americans in the American slave system. Like feminism, gender criticism examines how gender is caught between the notion of essentialism—the belief that women are naturally and fundamentally different than men based on their biological sex, that non-heterosexual identities are deviant from the biological heteronormative distinction between male and female—and constructionism—the belief that gender is not essentialist or based on biological nature but is constructed through culture. Queer Theorists also argue that sexuality is constructed and not just also “natural”. Pop culture would say that people may be born that way, but other theorists would argue that sexuality lies in a continuum and fluidity is one of its characteristics, contrary to the binary concept of sexuality that is limited to being straight or gay. 5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study uses the descriptive-qualitative approach type of research, utilizing gender criticism with special consideration to the gender-related themes of Gonzales’ short story “Emil makes their choice”. Furthermore, the critical analysis is made by employing a close reading approach, wherein the text speaks to the reader itself, and the latter understands its contexts based on their own personal experiences and interpretation.
LITERARY TEXT
Emil Makes Their Choice
by EK Gonzales
| No. | Paragraph |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Emil tied the hair at the neck, hiding the amulet in the hair. To be found with an amulet was dangerous; the militia and Guardia Civil actively checked for them at every major building, every gate, every tower, every church. But Emil needed the amulet for the work they needed to do. Emil’s affinity was for wood and steel. Their amulet was rectangular and small, the wood surrounding the bit of steel, easy to hide. |
| 2 |
Emil wore a tunic over trousers that they rolled up to avoid mud, slid their feet into farmer’s shoes, completing the look of a house servant. Emil was most comfortable attired this way, most true to them. It was a little hard to explain this to others, and Emil was grateful to still be accepted by their parents. |
| 3 |
Emil went to their parents’ bedroom, conveniently hidden from the street. Their father was ready for them. He sighed as he looked at them. “I love you, my dear,” he said. He presented the woven-bamboo knapsack. Emil knew this to be filled with supplies, some requested, some added, all from their general store. Usually it was foodstuff, all for the Cause. “Please head to Manang Conchita. The message: The great hawk must fly far.” He patted a shoulder. “Be safe.” |
| 4 |
Emil nodded, hefting the knapsack onto their back. It was well filled and thus rather heavy, but Emil was used to it. |
| 5 |
The sun had set, and the gas lamps were being lit on the main streets of Quirino. People headed home with some hurry; with the darkness came the curfew, the Guardia Civil, and forest creatures like wild boars and wolves |
| 6 |
Manang Conchita was nice and gave Emil white rice suman, their favorite, whenever they came over, so this was a welcome errand. However, Manang Conchita lived at the edge of town. This had advantages in getting information and packages in and out, but it was also a rather long run in the early evening. The route was familiar, but the Guardia Civil were on higher alert. The steam coaches were out on the main town streets. Soldiers, combing through the smaller uncobbled streets, mounted both real horses and steam horses. |
| 7 |
“Suman, Emil,” they grinned as slipped out the shadowy part of their house. “And you’re doing a good thing. Always you are doing a good thing. You can do this.” |
| 8 |
Emil had friends everywhere in the town, and maybe some even just outside of town. Emil did not make friends just because of the advantages, of course, but always having friends helped. Always Emil needed to be careful of traitors, but that was being friends with as many people as possible. |
| 9 |
Emil took the quickest route to Manang’s house. A risky route that meant they might be seen by others in the early evening. But there was a package that needed to be delivered. Those who received the packages from within the Society came deeper in the night, thus the packages needed to be ready at Manang’s house by then. Emil just hoped the people they would run into were friendly, so Emil could just wave at those townspeople and move on. |
| 10 |
The streets kept clearing of people. Their town of Quirino was not the main one of the province, it was just one of the major market towns with a train station. People were more afraid of the forest creatures than the Guardia Civil, and tended to head home early for the night. All the same, there were still a few people around, and Emil had to be careful. Emil wove in and out of the lanes, all of them packed soil from feet, hooves, and wheels. Only the main avenues were cobbled. They kept diving into corners that had ample darkness, stopping when they heard footsteps, especially heavy ones. The Guardia for the night were beginning to deploy. |
| 11 |
Dashing through several more lanes, Emil finally reached the house at the edge of town. They hid in the bushes just behind the house, checking if it was safe to enter. They touched one of the wooden pillars of Manang’s house. |
| 12 |
Emil paused. They felt the power of the amulet pass through them, the wood part of the amulet. There was added movement in the wood flooring of Manang Conchita’s house. |
| 13 |
There were people in the house, more than the usual number. The vibrations were heavy. Men, probably soldiers, probably Guardia Civil. Members of the Society, even usual citizens of the nation who were not in the Society, they did not tread this heavily. Emil kept to the darkness, hoping Manang would stay safe. |
| 14 |
Emil soon heard a stern voice, coming from the living room part of the house. |
| 15 |
“Señora Morales,” the voice said, “we have come for a visit.” |
| 16 |
“So I see, good sergeant,” Manang Conchita said. “Would you like some dinner?” |
| 17 |
“Thank you, good lady, but we have eaten. We only wish to ask you some questions.” |
| 18 |
Emil gulped, made sure they were completely hidden, placed an ear to the wall, making sure the amulet made them able to hear everything. They patted the back of their head, activating the steel part of their amulet as well. It worked to Emil’s advantage, and the disadvantage of the Guardia, that they wore so much steel in their armor. All the better for Emil to hear what they said to Manang Conchita. |
| 19 |
“We have ... observed ... that many people come and go from your house, at all hours of the day,” the guards immediately asked. “The crown requests to know why.” |
| 20 |
There was silence for a few moments. “What?” came the confident voice of Manang Conchita. “I do not have the right to accept parcels and packages for the house, for my needs? I am an older woman; the market is quite far from me!” |
| 21 |
“Even if that is true, many strangers have been seen coming to your house, Señora.” |
| 22 |
Emil sensed the vibrations of many boots, steel-tipped and steel-lined boots on wooden panels, walking through the entire house, opening and closing things, slamming open and shut cabinets, chests, and desks. Some stomped on the wooden panels, checking for hollow portions. Emil kept themself hidden well. Some Guardia were roaming the premises outside the house. |
| 23 |
Manang Conchita grumbled. Emil sensed her cross the living room. “So I have many friends who want to visit an old woman — what business is it of the crown? Also, some have been sent by the market to me!” |
| 24 |
Emil heard another voice. “There is an accusation that you have been assisting the resistance movement, against the crown.” |
| 25 |
Manang Conchita spoke again. “I am an old woman, I want to live a peaceful life, gentlemen. Now, if you please, the night is not getting younger, and neither am I, it is better that we all retire, yes?” |
| 26 |
The heavy stomping of boots ended at the living room again. “Captain, the house is clean. Nothing suspicious found.” |
| 27 |
“See, gentlemen?” Manang bravely said. “I am a worthy subject of the crown, like anyone else in this town! Now let us all take our rest? Unless you want some snacks?” |
| 28 |
Emil heard some grumbling. “Know this, Señora. The resistance will be crushed. It is best to tell those who dare fight the crown.” |
| 29 |
“They shall be told. Good evening, gentlemen!” |
| 30 |
The heavy steel boots marched out of the house, and into the lane in front of Manang’s house. |
| 31 |
Emil waited several moments, looking everywhere, checking with their amulet for any remaining Guardia. There was one, maybe two, still getting instructions from their captain. |
| 32 |
Emil silently entered through the back door, climbed up the stairs, entered the kitchen. |
| 33 |
Someone was already waiting. “Ah, Emil! I am so glad you are well,” Manang Conchita said, with controlled relief. |
| 34 |
“As am I, Manang, as am I,” Emil said. |
| 35 |
Emil removed the knapsack and presented it to her. “Here is the sugar you wanted, Manang,” they said, as a precaution. It contained more than sugar, but Emil was never told the exact contents, for safety. “Also, my father said the great hawk must fly far.” |
| 36 |
Manang Conchita looked at Emil carefully, accepting the knapsack, placing it on the table. She nodded that she heard. She removed the carefully wrapped parcel within. “Here is the suman, as usual, my dear,” Manang Conchita said, handing over a parcel artfully wrapped in banana leaf. She put the parcel in the knapsack. |
| 37 |
“Thank you so much, Manang, your suman is always the best.” Emil wrapped their arms around Manang Conchita. |
| 38 |
Manang hugged her back. “This will be very helpful.” |
| 39 |
“I’m glad.” This was why Emil did it. |
| 40 |
This was Emil’s work for the Cause: sending and receiving messages from various members of the Society, avoiding suspicion from the Guardia Civil. |
| 41 |
The Cause was the freedom of the whole nation from the colonizers. It was therefore dangerous work. To be caught meant arrest, even death. But Emil had not been caught yet, and the freedom of the nation was more important. It was not a really big task, compared to the work of the Supremo, the leader of the Society, or any of the Supremo’s deputies, but it was still important. |
| 42 |
“Now, off you go, my young friend, may Bathala be with you,” Manang Conchita said. |
| 43 |
“As with you!” Emil took up Manang Conchita’s hand, placed it on her forehead along with a bow. They then slung the knapsack on their arm and headed to the back of Manang’s house. |
| 44 |
Emil kept to the shadows, keeping away from the main lanes and streets as much as possible, going through several lanes to avoid heading straight home. |
| 45 |
As a market town, the central portion of Quirino had been arranged and divided into orderly squares by alcalde assigned over the many years of Regena dominion. The church was besides the seminary; the government offices some distance away from the train station; the main market square not far from the church; the market a very short walk away from the train station, the main square, and the main streets. Emil’s house had a general store on the first floor; it was midway between the market and the main square but hidden from the government offices. However, past the orderly squares established by the colonists, the outer bounds of Quirino still had wooden huts and houses like Manang Conchita’s, an uneven border that eventually extended into farmlands and roads toward the other provinces and towns. |
| 46 |
Emil had more or less explored most of the streets and lanes of Quirino, running here and there, first as a child, then as they delivered goods for their father. Emil knew most houses and generally who lived where. They had a good idea who was loyal to the crown, who was devoutly loyal to the church. They had some good suspicions of families and people who were neither. And Emil knew a good number of those like Manang Conchita, who felt like Emil did about the Cause. |
| 47 |
To be safe, Emil decided on a different, longer route. There were several routes that Emil knew all around the town, and from this house to theirs. Emil had a good idea of all the lanes, all the streets, all the major avenues, all the streets from the train station. There were short, fast routes when Emil needed to get to a lot of places. There were also long, winding routes that Emil used to deflect and shake off unnecessary followers and spies. They would need to shake off the Guardia, as soon as possible. |
| 48 |
Emil took a deep breath and ran into the night. |
| 49 |
There was a way to go through the unofficial boundaries of the town, where the forest touched the houses of the most distant, then go through the shadowy streets of the more central part of town, avoiding notice as much as possible. This was not their usual route from Manang Conchita’s house, but they need to appear like they came from elsewhere. |
| 50 |
Emil weaved into the lanes that blended with the forest, hiding in the trees as much as possible, keeping an eye left and right, back and forth, stopping often, only moving when the Guardia looked the other way. Emil did not dare run into the light, all the way home. Emil made sure the steel of the amulet was working; they needed to make sure of where the Guardia was at any point. The steel of the armor was picked up by the affinity with the amulet. |
| 51 |
“Dinner, Emil, dinner, you haven’t had dinner,” they said, trying to calm their pounding heart. “You need to get home.” |
| 52 |
They patted the amulet again, evaluating with it where was the wood and steel from the houses and the trees, where was the steel from the Guardia Civil. The steel from houses felt different from steel in armor, steam coaches, and steel horses. Those always felt punishing and terrible to them. The wood from various kinds of houses also felt different, as well, making Emil able to sense the rough outlines of houses. |
| 53 |
The sensations from the amulet gave them the familiar feel of the houses surrounding theirs. Not too long now. |
| 54 |
But they paused again. |
| 55 |
A pair of Guardia Civil emerged from a corner. They were making their rounds. |
| 56 |
An old man started running, but he was too slow, the Guardia caught up with him. |
| 57 |
“I am innocent!” the man immediately declared. |
| 58 |
“A guilty man does not run from the law,” one of the Guardia declared. “Besides, it is curfew, and you are still out of doors.” |
| 59 |
Emil began to step farther and farther from the scene. |
| 60 |
“I was detained where I was visiting and could only leave now!” the old man said. “I was merely visiting an old friend in town.” |
| 61 |
“A common lie, traitor.” |
| 62 |
“I am not a traitor to the crown!” |
| 63 |
“Explain yourself tomorrow morning, señor. You spend the night in the jail.” |
| 64 |
“Please, no!” |
| 65 |
But the man had been lifted off his feet and dragged to a steam coach. Emil had no choice but to cringe and quickly run. |
| 66 |
They grew even more careful, fully keeping to the shadows, not even daring to dash through the lamplights. If they could do that to an old man, the Guardia would not hold back in harming someone like them. |
| 67 |
Emil remembered to breathe when they sensed the distinct signature of their own house. |
| 68 |
Emil hid in the shadows, made a final dash, and slid in, through the back door at last. |
| 69 |
Emil quickly headed to the kitchen. They quickly changed into a house skirt. Always they were uncomfortable in a skirt, but this was a necessary sacrifice. Still, they wished every day that they did not have to wear them at all. They pumped the water into the pot, then washed the dishes found on the sink. They could do at least that much when they did not stay for dinner. |
| 70 |
Emil heard a sigh of deep relief from behind. “Good. You are back. Your father is worried.” |
| 71 |
Emil came and wrapped arms around their mother’s waist. “Good evening, Mother. There were ... people at Manang Conchita’s house. I had to wait for them to leave. It’s why I took a while.” |
| 72 |
“So Manang may be compromised.” Mother sighed. |
| 73 |
“Not yet, Mother. Thankfully.” |
| 74 |
“All the same, we must rethink, your father and me. Go, eat, my dear, you |
| 75 |
left so quickly. There is tinola.” |
| 76 |
“Oh, that’s good!” Emil said. They always loved the tinola. |
| 77 |
“Hush, go eat, I’ll get your father.” Emil’s mother set wood for the stove and put the clay pot over it. |
| 78 |
Emil eagerly sat at the small kitchen table, the one they reserved for just themselves and the occasional guest from the Society. The main dining room and its table they always had ready for Guardia Civil or other guests from the government. But Emil loved the kitchen table more — it was always home and good food to them, since they were small. |
| 79 |
But as their father entered the kitchen, a gust of wind came through their window, upending the curtains and the tablecloths. |
| 80 |
Suddenly they were joined by a woman, her hair tied back, similar to Emil, wearing a farmer’s tunic and trousers. But this woman was regal beyond her appearance. Emil’s parents found themselves bowing to her. On her chest, proudly strung with leather, was a large circular amulet. It had just stopped glowing as she fully manifested. Only one other person, a man, also in a tunic, accompanied her. He stayed behind the woman and bowed to her as well. |
| 81 |
“Supremo. We are ... beyond honored by your presence,” Emil’s father said, kneeling with a deep bow. |
| 82 |
“Please, get up, fellow owners of the land,” the Supremo said, gesturing for them to stand. “We are all equals in this fight. Your message is received. We start leaving tonight. I personally leave at dawn.” |
| 83 |
Emil’s mother hastily brought out another plate, brought it onto the kitchen table to join Emil’s plate. She also brought out a bowl of rice. |
| 84 |
“Thank you, Supremo. But to what do we owe this honor?” Emil’s father asked in the meantime. |
| 85 |
The Supremo looked at them both carefully, before also looking toward Emil. “I shall give you time to consider my request, and you are free to refuse. But Ginoong and Ginang Soriano, I have a very heavy and important favor to ask.” |
| 86 |
Emil’s father bowed deeply. He spoke softly, in case they were heard, but spoke clearly. “Anything, anything for the Cause.” |
| 87 |
Emil’s mother stopped moving. She turned to the Supremo, to her husband, to Emil. She gasped. Emil looked at all of them, both excited and worried. It was Mother who spoke first. “You are taking Emiliana. For the Cause.” |
| 88 |
The Supremo sighed as she lowered her head. “I have heard that the name is Emil. I have also heard many good things about their skill in sending messages and packages. I kindly request the chance to use Emil’s skills beyond your town, to serve under my direction.” |
| 89 |
The mother kept looking at the father, and at Emil. |
| 90 |
“All the same,” the Supremo said. “Your child, the only child. You are free to refuse, and to protect your child. This work is dangerous, and often deadly. Emil can continue to help us the way they are doing now, if you desire. But I feel that their skills could be used beyond this town. They could help us as we go to the capital.” |
| 91 |
Emil’s parents looked again at each other. |
| 92 |
“My dearest,” Mother said to Emil. “I ... think you know what I feel about this, and what your father thinks. I would rather that you not leave us.” |
| 93 |
The father ruefully looked at Emil. “I want to keep helping. I know you want to keep helping. But like the Supremo has said, this may be dangerous. You may not come back to us. I would rather that any revenge against our family for the Cause, that it be done to me, than to my dearest, to my loves.” |
| 94 |
Emil did not know where to look. These were all people who were special to them. The woman who stood in their kitchen did not deserve to be in their kitchen, she deserved to be ruling the nation from the capitol. Emil wanted to help put her there, of course, but did they want to do this and leave their parents, possibly never to return? |
| 95 |
The Supremo rapidly discussed the details of the arrangement with Emil’s parents, as Emil silently ate dinner. Whereas Emil had been delivering packages and messages only for one town, Emil would now be personally assigned to assist the central leadership in delivering messages in and out of the towns they would be passing. They would also help in spy work; checking villages and towns prior to their passing, checking for the presence of the Guardia in these towns. |
| 96 |
It was exciting to hear but felt like an immense responsibility. |
| 97 |
The Supremo finally stood, having eaten only one of the suman Emil brought. “Thank you for your time. I shall give you the night to decide. It is all right to refuse. The Cause is grateful for all your support.” She placed a hand over her heart. “May Bathala be with us all.” |
| 98 |
Emil and their parents saluted back. “And so with you, Supremo.” |
| 99 |
The Supremo gave a quick bow, tapped her amulet, then disappeared in a flurry of wind. |
| 100 |
Emil then looked down at their own heart, wondering what they should do. |
| 101 |
It was still very early in the morning, still with chill in the air. Emil was not able to sleep. They had packed the very few possessions they wanted to bring along and put them in the knapsack. Their favorite two kerchiefs, embroidered with their initials at the corners by their mother. A change of trousers, a change of tunic, a leather belt they sometimes brought along for running errands, made by their father. They bound their hair with the amulet. They slid their feet into shoes that they bought themself, made to order with money from tips during daytime errands. They took a good look at their bedroom. It would be the last time they would have a comfortable bed, a comfortable bedroom, a comfortable house. After this, it would be a tough life of hardship. All for the Cause. They did not have to do this, Emil and their family. They could stay living comfortably, bending to the Regena government in their town, ignoring the hardships of their fellow countrymen. But Emil had learned from their parents, who could not do that. They all needed to do something. This was what Emil could do. |
| 102 |
Both their parents were already awake, already waiting at the door, waiting for Emil. Their parents were not able to sleep either. |
| 103 |
Emil immediately took both them into a long warm embrace. |
| 104 |
“I will pray every day to Bathala, to bring you back alive,” their mother said. |
| 105 |
“So will I, my dearest,” added their father. |
| 106 |
“Do not forget to eat. Do not forget to boil the water before you drink it, my dear. Do not get angry at people so quickly, you always do. Always wash your face, as much as you can while you are there. Make friends with the people there.” |
| 107 |
“I will,” Emil promised |
| 108 |
“Help this country, as best you can, my dear. Just do your best. Help us win,” their father said. |
| 109 |
“Please stay safe, both of you. I love you both. So very much,” Emil said, giving their parents one last hug. |
| 110 |
They all reluctantly parted. Time was ticking by. Some of the roosters were already crowing. Soon the sun would rise. Things would be even more dangerous soon. With a final holding of their hands, with a final bow of hand to forehead, Emil gave their mother and father one last smile, and ducked out of the house. |
| 111 |
Already there was a man outside, wearing the farmer’s garb, and the red sash of the Society. Emil was familiar with him; he was the one with the Supremo last night. |
| 112 |
They both went into the woods, without looking back, as tears slowly flowed down Emil’s cheeks. |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The plot of “Emil makes their choice”
“Emil makes their choice” is part of an anthology of fantasy short stories of LGBTQI+ belonging. The book is entitled “Be Me” and contains ‘stories of diverse backgrounds. Some of the stories are literary, others are deeply personal, but each one is written in defiance.”6 The book is part of the ASEAN SOGIE Caucus’ productions for the Southeast Asian Queer Cultural Festival 2021: Be/Longings.
“Emil makes their choice” takes place during the time of the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, in the town of Quirino. The story’s main protagonist is Emil, the child of Ginoo and Ginang Soriano who are all part of a movement properly known as the Cause.
The short story is composed of 112 paragraphs and for the purpose of this analysis, the researcher lumped paragraphs that tell a certain point of the story.
Paragraphs 1-2. The first two paragraphs of the story describes what Emil looks like, their physical characteristics, how they dress, what trinkets they wear. The first few lines of the text provide a glimpse of the contemporary setting. The lines read “To be found with an amulet was dangerous; the militia and Guardia Civil actively checked for them at every major building, every gate, every tower, every church.” Emil’s body type was also described in the first paragraph saying their “affinity was for wood and steel”.This paragraph also hints about the work that Emil has to do with assistance from a small, rectangular amulet that they keep hidden in their hair. The second paragraph then provides information on what Emil does as part of their daily job. The passage “Emil wore a tunic over trousers that they rolled up to avoid mud, slid their feet into farmer’s shoes, completing the look of a house servant. Emil was most comfortable attired this way, most true to them.” This is typical of a farmer's wardrobe in the fields. The final line in the second paragraph provides another layer of complexity to Emil’s narrative. The line states “It was a little hard to explain this to others, and Emil was grateful to still be accepted by their parents.”
Paragraph 3. The third paragraph shows Emil’s relationship with their father. It also provides some information on what Emil needs to do for the Cause. ““Please head to Manang Conchita. The message: The great hawk must fly far.” He patted a shoulder. “Be safe.””
Paragraphs 4-7. The fourth to seventh paragraphs describe Emil’s preparation for the task at hand and the environment, including the barriers that they might encounter along the journey. Paragraph five presents the climate that Emil needs to tread, especially the existence of the Guardia Civil and forest creatures that threaten their safety. The next paragraph also describes the path that Emil needs to take to reach their destination - “The route was familiar, but the Guardia Civil were on higher alert. The steam coaches were out on the main town streets. Soldiers, combing through the smaller uncobbled streets, mounted both real horses and steam horses.” In addition, the seventh paragraph enforces the reason for their actions by replaying in their head the words of Manang Conchita saying “And you’re doing a good thing. Always you are doing a good thing. You can do this.”
Paragraphs 8-10. The eighth to tenth paragraph relays the risks that Emil would need to avoid in order for him not to get caught by the Guardia Civil. It also shows Emil’s hope to encounter people that are friendly. This implies that there is a lingering fear in the community that, anytime, they could encounter misfits that would pose as threats. It also described the structure of the paths that Emil has to journey through in order to reach their destination. These are described in the lines stating:
“A risky route that meant they might be seen by others in the early
evening. … Emil wove in and out of the lanes, all of them packed soil
from feet, hooves, and wheels. Only the main avenues were cobbled.
They kept diving into corners that had ample darkness, stopping
when they heard footsteps, especially heavy ones. The Guardia for
the night were beginning to deploy.”
Paragraphs 11-14. These paragraphs describe to the reader what had transpired when Emil reached the vicinity of Manang Conchita’s house, prior to entering the household. “Dashing through several more lanes, Emil finally reached the house at the edge of town. They hid in the bushes just behind the house, checking if it was safe to enter. They touched one of the wooden pillars of Manang’s house.” It also tells about the things that had happened inside the house as they were quietly observing outside - “There were people in the house, more than the usual number. The vibrations were heavy. Men, probably soldiers, probably Guardia Civil. Members of the Society, even usual citizens of the nation who were not in the Society, they did not tread this heavily. Emil kept to the darkness, hoping Manang would stay safe.” Here, Emil was able to use the power of the amulet that they have kept hidden since they left home.
Paragraphs 15-28. These paragraphs contain the dialogue between Manang Conchita and the Guardia Civil who visited her residence. The Guardia questioned Manang about the suspicious activities in her household which includes the in and out of many people at any given time.
“We have ... observed ... that many people come and go from your
house, at all hours of the day,” the guards immediately asked. “The
crown requests to know why.”
Denial was Manang Conchita’s response to the Guardia, which also searched the household for anything that would link her to the movement against the crown. The Guardia did not find anything of interest inside the old woman’s house. Manang interjected:
“See, gentlemen?” Manang bravely said. “I am a worthy subject of
the crown, like anyone else in this town! Now let us all take our rest?
Unless you want some snacks?”
Before departing, however, the Guardia had given a stern reminder to the lady of the house:
“Know this, Señora. The resistance will be crushed. It is best to tell
those who dare fight the crown.”
Paragraphs 31-39. The meeting of Emil and Manang Conchita is told in these paragraphs. Emil silently and carefully entered the house to deliver the package, which contained effects that Emil was not privy. Furthermore, Emil was able to deliver their father’s message to Manang Conchita - “Also, my father said the great hawk must fly far.”
Paragraphs 40-41. These paragraphs discuss what Emil’s mission is for the Cause. It also talks about the Cause’s purpose and goals. It becomes clear that the Emil is the messenger for the Cause and that the cause wants to gain freedom from the colonizers. Emil recognizes the dangers of the work that needs to be done. This is described in the following passage:
“The Cause was the freedom of the whole nation from the colonizers.
It was therefore dangerous work. To be caught meant arrest, even
death. But Emil had not been caught yet, and the freedom of the nation
was more important. It was not a really big task, compared to the
work of the Supremo, the leader of the Society, or any of the
Supremo’s deputies, but it was still important.”
Paragraphs 42-43. The continuation of Emil and Manang Conchita’s meeting is presented here. Emil’s departure is also mentioned here. Here, Emil is described to have given respect to Manang Conchita through pagmamano.
“...Emil took up Manang Conchita’s hand, placed it on her forehead
along with a bow. They then slung the knapsack on their arm and
headed to the back of Manang’s house.”
Paragraph 44-45. Emel left Manang Conchita. The physical description of the town of Quirino is presented in this paragraph. This includes the specific details of the arrangements of the town. The town is described to have been “arranged and divided into orderly squares by alcalde assigned over the many years of Regena dominion.” The text also provides a clear description of how the seats of power are placed strategically in the center of the town. However, farmlands and other areas are unevenly divided and arranged.
These paragraphs also mention the type of house Emil lives in. It is said that Emil lives in a multi-floor home with a general convenience store or a “sari-sari” store. It is also mention that their home is located in a non-conspicuous area away from the government offices.
Paragraph 46. This paragraph talks about the people living in the town. A number of which are known to Emil. This includes those who are loyal to the cause, loyal to the crown, loyal to the church and those who are none of the three.
Paragraphs 47-50. Emil’s journey home is described in these paragraphs. It is mentioned that Emil took on a different and longer route. This also includes their efforts to ensure that they are not followed and if they are, they are able to shake them off. Emil is described to have walked in the dark and have avoided the light.
Paragraphs 51-54. Emil talks to themself in these paragraphs. It is mentioned that they said:
“Dinner, Emil, dinner, you haven’t had dinner,” they said, trying to
calm their pounding heart. “You need to get home.”
The use of the amulet is also recorded in these paragraphs. The different vibrations given off by the amulet are presented in these paragraphs, including how Emil distinguishes its warnings. It is described that Emil can tell if there is wood or steel around based on the vibrations given off by the amulet. Emil can also detect the outlines of houses using th same method.
Paragraphs 55-65. These paragraphs tell the story of a man being arrested because of a curfew violation. They also show the immense exchange of words of the man arrested and the Guardia Civil.
Paragraph 66-68. Emil rushed to get back home safely without getting caught since they know that the Guardia is unrelenting when it comes to punishments. They then came through the back door of their home.
Paragraphs 69-71. These paragraphs recount the moment when Emil arrives home, gets cleaned up and changes clothing. It is worth noting that Emil is uncomfortable wearing a skirt at home and wishes that they need not to wear them anymore, but they have no choice. They also recount the first conversation between Emil and her mother in the story.
Paragraphs 72-77. These paragraphs present the conversation that Emil and her mother had prior to them proceeding to eat dinner. Their mother reserved some Tinola for them.
Paragraph 78. Emil loves the kitchen table more than the main dining table since the latter is usually reserved for the Guardia Civil and for government officials.
Paragraph 79-81. A special person, The Supremo, suddenly pays the family a visit. These sentences also describe the physical appearance of the leader of the cause. It is also revealed that the Supremo is a woman who also wears an amulet, similar to Emil’s.
Paragraphs 82-85. The family welcomes the Supremo. The mother prepares another plate for the Supremo to join the dinner. And they proceeded to ask the purpose of the visit.
Paragraphs 86-87. The Supremo presents the request to the family. The family recognizes the request. It is made clear that the Supremo would like to recruit Emiliana, or Emil as they are more aptly called, to work for the Cause.
Paragraphs 88-90. The Supremo recognizes that Emiliana goes with the name Emil. She also mentions that she has heard good things about them. The family did not know what to do yet. Discussion of options and choices happened in these paragraphs. The Supremo gave them realistic expectations on what could happen while they are in the field. The parents also gave their pitch in helping Emil make their decisions.
Paragraphs 91-94. Emil, at this time, thinks for themself. An internal argument on what they should do happened to Emil. They had to decide whether or not they would accept bigger responsibilities for and in the cause.
Paragraphs 95-96. The Supremo orients the family on the possible arrangements. This includes the wider scope for Emil’s work. Emil gets excited.
Paragraph 97-100. These sentences relay what had happened after the dinner and when the Supremo left.
Paragraph 101. Emil wakes up and prepares their things. They now realize that this may be the last time they would have a comfortable life. They also think of the possible hardships they would encounter along the way.
Paragraph 102-110. Mr and Mrs. Soriano tells Emil goodbye and give their final reminders. They tell Emil to work for the best of the country.
Paragraph 111-112. The final paragraphs describe what had happened after they parted and moved away from their home. Emil was described to have been crying while walking away.
GONZALES’ PORTRAYAL OF EMIL
Emil’s character is shown to be strong-willed and very skillful in farming and in the act of concealment. They are also given characteristics that would traditionally be attributed to male characters such as wearing pants and the simple but masculine act of running and hiding in the dark which was highly uncommon during the time of the Spanish occupation. The Spanish era brought about Spanish ethics, which influenced Christianized women to wear a skirt called the saya and a blouse called the baro, which was worn throughout the 400 years of colonization.7In addition to this, Emil also has features that are more common or stereotypical in females, e.g. long hair.
In addition to this, their name in itself shows disassociation from the gender normative status of male and female names. The main character was very much comfortable with their chosen name, Emil, which was derived from Emiliana, their name given at birth. In the beginning, until the moment of revelation, a reader may be led to believe that that the main character is of the male sex if it were to be judged using the name Emil at face value. However, to the attentive reader, several hints of the nature of the main character were presented in the first few sentences of the first paragraph saying: “Emil tied the hair at the neck, hiding the amulet in the hair.” The second paragraph also hinted by saying that: “It was a little hard to explain this to others, and Emil was grateful to still be accepted by their parents.” The latter gives the impression that Emil’s way of dressing, as a small part of their being, is something that is not readily accepted by the community but accepted by their family.
The text, albeit not explicitly, suggests that Emil is a believer of magical items such as the amulet that they have worn hidden in their hair. This, as a trait, is typical of olden Filipino people believing in the supernatural including anting-antings, charms, amulets, talismans, spells and witchcraft. Although, this is also quite contrary to the contemporary belief of the christian and catholic faith propagated by the Spanish friars. According to an article from esquire.ph:
“anti-colonial rebels were issued various forms of anting-anting,
like librettos (small booklets with magical prayers), belts, and bandanas. If a fighter wore an anting-anting upon death, it was attributed to their “lack of faith” and that the wearer “allowed his fear to overcome his confidence.” However, one American observer noted that groups like the Pulahanes (whose name was derived from their wearing of pula- or red-coloured clothing) were also “strengthened for their holy warfare by the assurance that those falling on the battlefield would rise from the dead [on] the third day.”8
Another distinctive feature of the portrayal of the main character that cannot be seen in other mainstream or traditional literature, which can also be seen as an advancement of the queer agenda, is the use of the they/them/their personal pronouns to refer to a singular person. These pronouns are commonly used, in traditional English, if one does not know the gender of the person being referred to, or if one wants to make the sentence apply to any gender. Historically, the use of the they/them pronouns in this manner can be dated back since the late 1300 as in the saying “Everybody loves their own mother”. Pride and prejudice writer Jane Austen and poet and Canterbury Tales author Geoffrey Chaucer who lived until the early 1400s have used these pronouns in this manner.9In reading the story, one may fall into confusion regarding how and why these pronouns were used, especially, as they/them/their would commonly be plural. However, the usage of these pronouns is directly related to the narratives of non-binary individuals who do not conform to the labels of heteronormative literature.
As in the case of Emil, they/them/their is the writer’s way of showing that gender is irrelevant or should not be a central focus of the character’s narrative. University of Illinois Professor Emeritus of English Dennis Baron (2020) states:
“Writers, if they want to conceal somebody’s gender or if gender is
irrelevant, need to have a word, and the only word we have is ‘they,’”. He also added that, “There are examples where writers use the singular ‘they’ to create suspense or to create comedy. There’s a place in ‘The Pickwick Papers’ where Dickens uses it to conceal gender for a page or so. Agatha Christie puts it in Hercule Poirot’s mouth: ‘I’m using the generic male, but the killer could be a woman.’ You see it all over the place as a literary device.”10
Gonzales also described Emil to be someone who is uncomfortable wearing skirts, which are typically expected to be worn by women as in the text:
“Emil quickly headed to the kitchen. They quickly changed into a house skirt. Always they were uncomfortable in a skirt, but this was a necessary sacrifice. Still, they wished every day that they did not have to wear them at all.”
Finally, Gonzales’ portrayal of Emil’s character also includes personality traits that may or may not be explicitly mentioned, but rather implied in the text. For instance, they are described to be very cautious and mindful of their surroundings as far as their mission goes. They ensure that they cover all possibilities, avoid any altercation and prevent being discovered or followed by the opposition as mentioned in the following parts of the story:
“Emil took the quickest route to Manang’s house. A risky route that
meant they might be seen by others in the early evening. //
Emil wove in and out of the lanes, all of them packed soil from feet,
hooves, and wheels. Only the main avenues were cobbled. They kept diving into corners that had ample darkness, stopping when they heard footsteps, especially heavy ones. //
They hid in the bushes just behind the house, checking if it was safe
to enter. //
To be safe, Emil decided on a different, longer route. There were
several routes that Emil knew all around the town, and from this house to theirs. Emil had a good idea of all the lanes, all the streets, all the major avenues, all the streets from the train station. There were short, fast routes when Emil needed to get to a lot of places. There were also long, winding routes that Emil used to deflect and shake off unnecessary followers and spies. They would need to shake off the Guardia, as soon as possible.”
Another aspect of Emil’s personality described in the text is their love for family and their willingness to sacrifice their life for the greater good but not without the internal conflict of what they should actually do.
“These were all people who were special to them. The woman who
stood in their kitchen did not deserve to be in their kitchen, she deserved to be ruling the nation from the capitol. Emil wanted to help put her there, of course, but did they want to do this and leave their parents, possibly never to return?”
EMIL, THE CAUSE AND OTHER SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXTS
The Role of Women and People of Diverse SOGIE in the Cause
Historically, women have been an integral part of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish colonizers. According to Yoder (1998), “When the Katipunan was holding sessions, the women often feigned a party-like atmosphere with singing and dancing so that the civil guards believed that only a harmless social party was underway. Often women served as spies and they helped in the recruitment of new members into the organization.” This brings a sense of truthfulness and consistency to Emil’s narrative in relation to the tasks they were given. Emil, a cis-prensenting queer person, was a good candidate for these positions.
As in the context of the story, women were less likely to have been suspected of being a main actor in the cause, albeit only considered to be a supporter or enabler evidenced by the following excerpt: “Emil heard another voice. “There is an accusation that you have been assisting the resistance movement, against the crown.”” Interestingly enough, women contributed highly in the Philippine Revolution that, most notably, Teresa Magbanua, considered to be the Visayan Joan of Arc, led troops during the Battle of Barangay Yating in Capiz. Also known as Manang Isa, she led men on horseback. This validates the benevolences of women in the resistance movement. They were not limited in the household upkeep or the preparation of food for the members of the katipunan. While the current historical accounts and mainstream discussions lift up the names of male victors of the Philippine revolution, women, and other people of diverse SOGIESC were valuable factors of its success.
The Babaylans, as a symbol of gender non-conformity and of being non-binary, are women (or men) that are believed to have the ability to mediate with the spirit world, have their own spirit guides, and have a multitude of other abilities such as healing, foretelling, and insight. They were regarded as leaders in the community. They are usually those who answer the call to leadership in the areas of advocacy, activism, teaching, increasing awareness, healing, spirituality and vision, struggling and working for justice—actions and motivation deeply connected to the context of being Filipino.12
During this time, however, the concept of being gender non-conforming or being non binary, did not have formal recognition, let alone a name for it. The Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1860) offers us a set of concepts which bring the "bacla" to entrench a coordinate of gender difference for the turn of the century in colonial Philippines. Enlabiar (seduction) signifies her entering discourse, and her tactic is coupled with engañar (deception), through lustre (prominence) or hermosura (beauty). A notion of bakla as device of persuasion is elaborated further as "moverse por algún interés o provecho," to be inspired according to a motive or a sense of benefit. At the same time, the bakla signifies, through "desollarse," (to wound)a vulnerability. Now the persuaded is moved to action, but he also hesitates: to be "nababacla" is to be fearful of a new thing (espanto de cosa nueva). This is an early instance of homophobia and transphobia spoken in the long duration of the Tagalog language.13
Following the context of being queer during the time of the revolution, scarce documentation have ever been made regarding this. One of which is in 1899, in the Manila Times that reads:
“An insurgent spy has been captured and now languishes in the
Anda street police station. His name is Baldomero de Leon, [or] at least that is what he calls himself. De Leon was captured yesterday by Corporal John Moore and Private Thomas of the 24th Infantry while he was endeavoring to pass through our lines near Mariquina, disguised as a woman and in company with two females.
“The trio carried baskets upon their heads containing salt,
cigarettes and rice. The arrest was made because the soldiers had reason to believe the trio were endeavoring to smuggle contraband articles through
the lines. The salt especially aroused the suspicion of the guards which at the time they believed to be salt-petre.” (Known to cooks as salitre, it is the ingredient that makes pork tocino red. It also happens to be an ingredient in making gunpowder.)”11
With all these taken into account, it can be said that the heteronormative narrative of the katipunan lifting the stories of men as the victors of the revolution is not and should not be taken as the whole story. Women and people of diverse SOGIESC played vital roles, mostly discreet and dangerous ones, in the success of the revolution. Gonzales’ Emil makes their choice provides the validation for women and people of diverse SOGIESC, especially during a time when their very existence was being degraded and diminished by the Spanish Friars - a far cry from the pre-colonial era of the country when men and women were regarded as equal and those who are non-binary or gender non-conforming are lifted to be leaders and considered as learned, educated and distinguished members of society.
The Guardia Civil: Context, Issues and Abuse
In the context of Gonzales' short story, the guardia civil is portrayed as an organization with power over the people of the town. They can reprimand and punish people for violations of the law, which is based on what they deem as punishable as in the case of the man being arrested and held in custody.
Interpreting their societal status using a gender lens, we may connect their rise to power to the patriarchal mindset of the time. There has been very scarce documented information regarding women being part of the Guardia Civil, let alone lead it. It is safe to say that the Guardia Civil were mostly men, and based on the historical records, are composed of at least sixty percent non
criollo natives or indios. Not to mention the control of the rich on the organization itself.
As a symbol of patriarchy, the Guardia Civil also exhibited actions that are consistent with an oppressive form of government where women are taken advantage of, if not disregarded completely. The types of abuses that they committed to stay in power are also signs of their longing of control over the populace. Gutierrez (2008) states:
“Violations against public order, such as road obstruction, alcohol
intoxication, and vandalism reflect the tensions that grew from colonial efforts to rationalize urban spaces and enforce modes of public conduct and health habits. Cases of petty crimes of property (theft, robbery, and swindling) illustrate how the Spanish and local elite maintained control over the working classes. Crimes involving physical violence (physical injuries), maltratar de obra (physical abuse) and riñas (brawls) demonstrate tensions within and across classes and races. Arrests for tax evasion, illegal gambling and lack of identification (indocumentado) reveal means of monitoring and regulating the native Filipino (indio) and Chinese population in the city.”14
The Guardia Civil, an organization closely tied with the largely popular religious affiliation, could also make these punishments much worse for women and for individuals with diverse SOGIE. Babaylans, who were considered leaders, were most of the time women or “transvestites” (as used in older texts, meaning a man dressing up as a woman or vice versa).
A notable way of punishing the babaylan was through death by beheading or by burning at the stake, as the case of Tablot, a babaylan from that ignited the uprising in Bohol in 1621-1622.
Tamblot’s revolt inspired another rebellion in neighboring
Carigara, Leyte in the same time period. The Bankaw revolt was led by a datu named Bankaw and his son Pagali who was a babaylan. Bankaw’s rebellion was notable as Bankaw was one of the first converts to
Catholicism in the Philippines. As a young man, he had formerly welcomed the conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565 when their expedition first landed on the islands. Like Tamblot, Bankaw and Pagali both wanted a return to the old ways. Bankaw renounced his Catholic faith and built a temple to a diwata. Their rebellion was defeated by the Spanish Governor general Alonso Fajardo de Entenza. Bankaw was beheaded, while Pagali and eighty-one other babaylan were burned at the stake.15
The Guardia Civil symbolizes what we know today as the rule of the male species in almost all aspects of life. It gives significant impact to the fear, biases, inclination, beliefs, and reservations of the person as an individual or as a member of a community, especially those who are women and those with diverse SOGIESC.
Hinting of disapproval of non-conformity
There is very little that can be said regarding the approval and/or acceptance of the non conformity based only on the text. However, there are subtle hints in the narration that implies the disapproval of non-conformity of the society at the time. The text states:
“Emil wore a tunic over trousers that they rolled up to avoid mud,
slid their feet into farmer’s shoes, completing the look of a house servant. Emil was most comfortable attired this way, most true to them. It was a little hard to explain this to others, and Emil was grateful to still be accepted by their parents.”
This part of the text carries out the message of Emil’s non-conformance to what would have been the norm of the time. Though, the reference is only based on the way that they dressed, it can be inferred that the society’s mentality and views regarding conformity to the norm may have been similar to the previous.
Light and Dark
Emil recognized the dangers of being in and out of the dark.
In a more literal perspective, staying in the dark is described by Emil’s approach in treading the pathways to and from Manang Conchita’s household. The risk of being caught by the Guardia was very imminent, hence, the need to keep themselves in darkness. This proved to be very beneficial since it ensured that they are safe from danger. In the same manner, it was a way for Emil to observe what was happening in the light. It has placed them in a position where they can play the role of an observer away from the eyes of who might inflict harm. This is also evidenced by the need to be cautious of the people whose loyalty may still be in question, if not already divulged and made into public knowledge which is stated in the passage below:
“Emil knew most houses and generally who lived where. They had
a good idea who was loyal to the crown, who was devoutly loyal to the church. They had some good suspicions of families and people who were neither. And Emil knew a good number of those like Manang Conchita, who felt like Emil did about the Cause.”
Figuratively, staying in the dark is likened to the more modern phrase “being in the closet”. In the jargon of contemporary homosexual culture, those who hide their sexual identities are referred to as either closeted or said to be in the closet. Revealing one's homosexuality is referred to as coming out.16 The act of staying in the dark implies that Emil is at the stage where their sexuality is still unpronounced. The darkness represents a safe space for Emil as they undertake the journey from one point of their life to another. The Guardia Civil is a metaphor for the people, groups of people, and organizations that may condemn, punish, or do harm to women and people of diverse SOGIESC. Furthermore, the people in the community represent the possibility of not recognizing the people who would be accepting or in the case of the text, “loyal” to them and would continue supporting them. Being in the darkness, though not an ideal place for someone to
live in, has provided Emil the necessary perspective on gauging what steps or actions they need to do next as like an observer of the things that might be or a spectator of what they imagine things may be if they do decide to go out to the light.
On the other hand, Emil also, at certain points of the narrative, went out to the light in order to move towards places or people that give them comfort or a sense of safety. Just in the case of their meeting with Manang Conchita as told by the following passage:
“Emil silently entered through the back door, climbed up the stairs,
entered the kitchen. Someone was already waiting. “Ah, Emil! I am so glad you are well,” Manang Conchita said, with controlled relief.”
The same could also be said for when Emil entered their home after journeying back from Manang Conchita’s house:
“Emil heard a sigh of deep relief from behind. “Good. You
are back. Your father is worried.” Emil came and wrapped arms
around their mother’s waist. “Good evening, Mother. There were ...
people at Manang Conchita’s house. I had to wait for them to leave.
It’s why I took a while.””
The same sentiment may be applied to the figurative perspective of coming into the light, metaphorically representing Emil’s coming out, albeit, only to the people close to them. This implies that they feel very much comfortable being themselves in spaces and people where they can be who they truly are.
Another inference on this comes through based on Emil’s train of thought they made their decision to join the Cause. The move from the dark of night and coming out to the light of day has sparked thoughts of uncertainty and the realization that once they are out, it will be a life of hardship and may not be as comfortable as before.
SIGNIFICATIONS OF OBJECTS AND OTHER CHARACTERS
The characters of Gonzales’ short story give layers of complexity and context to the overall plot. Objects and the other characters provide metaphorical representations of societal issues and realities, including cultural references, that surround the themes of the story, in this case, gender and queer literature.
The Amulet
In the text, the only characters who were described to have been using Amulet or more colloquially known as an anting-anting were Emil and the Supremo. One may infer that this is a metaphor for the kinds of additional requirements for a woman or an individual of diverse SOGIESC to protect themselves, and to have them be more accepted as a leader or a person of power and influence. Protection, for one thing, is a serious theme due to the fact that women and people of diverse SOGIESC are subjected to more stigma, discrimination and abuse. They are more likely to have the need to train for any other kind of protective skill, e.g. martial arts, to ensure their safety. They may also opt to own some kind of weapon of self-defense for times of emergencies.
The amulet also represents the requirements women and people of diverse SOGIESC needs to attain before they can assume any kind of leadership position and/or status of power and influence. In the case of people of diverse SOGIESC:
“For Tan (2001), “‘acceptance’ is conditional as long as the bakla
remain confined to certain occupational niches and fulfill certain stereotypes.” Garcia (2004) added that “when visitors to the Philippines remark that Filipinos openly tolerate and/or accept homosexuality, they invariably have in mind effeminate, cross-dressing men (bakla) swishing down streets and squealing on television programme with flaming impunity.
To equate Philippine society’s tolerance for public displays of transvestism19 with wholesale approval of homosexual behavior is naive, if not downright foolish.``''17
On the other hand, there is still a gap in the leadership of women versus men, as stated in a report by the
“There are more female employees than males in the Philippine
government bureaucracy. Filipino men dominate as decision makers and managers while women are predominant professional in government. The Philippines has produced two women Presidents. While the incumbent President is a woman, the percentage of elective positions occupied by women is less than a fifth of the total number of positions. According to the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report of 2007, the Philippines ranked 14th out of 128 countries, in terms of political empowerment. In the judiciary branch of government most of the judges are males.”18
The Old Woman - Manang Conchita
Manang Conchita represents the people who would accept a person for who they are regardless of their gender or sexuality. Gonzales’ portrayal of Manang Conchita is also an homage to two specific references.
Firstly, Manang Conchita is a personification of older generations that understand the plight of the youth and those who are oppressed, abused, and discriminated.
Secondly, it pays homage to Austrian drag personality, Conchita Wurst (Thomas Neuwirth)19. Wurst is the first drag personality to win the prestigious Eurovision Song Contest in 2014. Her win was without any resistance from conservative parties, both before and after the competition. However, Wurst responded to opposition, especially to the traditional values and nationalist rhetoric of Russia, with “We are unstoppable!” which is considered as a solidarity message for the community of people with diverse SOGIESC.
The Food – Suman and Tinola
Filipinos are a very hospitable people and food is always a way to express that hospitality. There are two plot points in the story that represent different narratives/references based on this researcher’s perspective. Firstly, the suman, made with sticky rice, represents the Filipino family which, as much as possible, would like to stick together in life. Similar to the Chinese belief that sticky food would help the family stick together, Filipinos who are innately family-oriented are inclined to believe the same.
Secondly, the Tinola, a chicken stew with either papaya or sayote, is a traditional entrée served in almost all Filipino homes. Most notably, the mention of this dish in the story is a reference to the tinola that was served at a banquet in Jose P. Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere. This is where the friar, Padre Damaso, came uninvited, was served chicken neck and wings which were considered to be the least favorite part, and after being served exhibited very rude and insulting behavior towards the host, Crisostomo Ibarra. This is a reflection of how a significant number of women and people of diverse SOGIESC see the kind of language and rude approach of the religious towards their person and identity.
The Supremo and the Right-hand
It is notable that on the night that the Supremo visited the Soriano’s residence, she was accompanied by a male right hand person. It was very uncommon for women to be seen in the field of the revolution, let alone be a Supremo and have male assistants. This role reversal is Gonzales’ statement of defiance against the his-tory (history) dominated by men and a significant shift to tell her-story.
The Openness for Options/Choices
During the conversations between the Sorianos and the Supremo, it is notable that the Supremo had very clear language in expressing the options available to the family and to Emil. The decision was given to Emil alone and coercion was never a factor. Although, they were given all the information that they may need to arrive at an educated decision. This represents something that women and people of diverse SOGIESC have been very vocal about, the right to choose and decide for themselves. Aside from the narrative that this may be likened to a person of diverse SOGIESC decision to come out of the closet, it may also refer to other plights that affected women in that specific era. This may include arranged marriages that were decided for them by their parents or relatives. This takes away the right to bodily autonomy, which at that time, was not even existent yet, but has been reclaimed in recent years.
CONCLUSION
Gonzales’ Emil makes their choice provides a simple narrative to very complex, elaborate and cross-cutting gender-related issues, thematic areas and points of debate of women and people of diverse SOGIESC. The progressive and validating approach of portraying the main character, Emil, Gonzales presents some of the aspirations and struggles of these people who will need to face the real world. This fantasy short story effectively illustrates the realities of the era, but also provides a position that challenges the status quo and the documented history to create a shift inclined to the narrative of women in the Philippine revolution.
In the perspective of literature, the use of personal pronouns creates a new landscape for the inclusion of non-binary and gender non-conforming individuals, not just in gender studies and queer literature, but also in the general pool of world literature telling the stories that come from a Filipino gender lens. The narratives presented is an opportunity validate queer existence in society through the use of words and literary devices.
Queer literature is shifting from the old portrayals as just subjects of entertainment in comedies. It has now transcended to mainstream themes and topics, something that it should have been long ago. The landscape of queer literature, for the moment, is still not enough to move the compass to where it should move towards. However, the emergence of literary works such as Gonzales’ Emil Makes Their Choice help put the much-needed weight and push to move forward and make the change of heart in society towards acceptance, not just tolerance; empowerment, not stigma and discrimination; and love, not hate of women and people of diverse SOGIESC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Ryan Silverio, Executive Director, ASEAN SOGIE Caucus
Jan Castañeda, Board Secretary, Youth Voices Count, Inc.
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Emil Makes Their Choice is a story featured in Be Me, one of the literary works at the SEAQCF.
Review by: Mx. Anthony Lopez (Capiz State University)
